Is it possible to replace veneers with composite bonding even though the enamel has been removed?

In your specific case, composite veneer can be done but it would not very successfully durable due your tooth structure. It is seen that that specific tooth’s size was decreased. I would advise you to get e.max laminate veneer or e.max empress crown for that tooth. Additionally, for getting an aesthetically nice look, I would advise you to make some works for the teeth near that specific tooth. So, in total you can get up to 4 new teeth (e.max laminated veneers or e.max empress crowns) for better smile. Lastly, I would note that your gum looks not in good condition, so you may need to get gum treatment before getting the works for your teeth. Having new teeth without getting gum treatment may negatively affect the result of the dental treatment.